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In French no article is used in front of :

• nouns indicating profession when they follow a form of the verb être which is not preceded by ce or c’ :
  Il est professeur.
  Elle est médecin.
• nouns used in a list :
  L’examen portait sur des matières scientifiques : mathématiques, physique, chimie, biologie.
• a noun used to provide additional information about another noun which appears immediately before it :
  Monsieur Durand, ancien professeur …  (a former teacher)
  Paris, capitale de la France …  (the capital of France)
• abstract nouns which immediately follow the preposition avec, as long as they are not described in any way :
  Ils avançaient avec difficulté
• abstract and concrete nouns which immediately follow the preposition sans, as long as they are not described in any way :
  On peut entrer de ce côté-ci sans difficulté.
  Il est impossible d’y aller sans voiture.
• nouns immediately following the conjunction comme :
  Il travaillait comme professeur.
  Je te parle comme ami.
• nouns used in expressions of quantity, in expressions indicating what something is made of, is full of or consists of, or what it is intended for :
  beaucoup d’argent
  une table de bois
  un couteau en acier
  un verre de vin
  une leçon de géographie
  une tasse à thé
• nouns used together with verbs in certain set phrases :
  avoir froid
  avoir faim
  avoir confiance en
  avoir envie de
  avoir besoin de
  perdre courage
  tenir tête à
  reprendre haleine
  rendre service à
  faire peur à

Here are the forms of the stressed pronoun in French :

moi, toi, lui, elle, nous, vous, eux, elles

The stressed pronouns are used:

1. after c’est, ce sont and in the expressions c’est/ce sont … qui and c’est/ce sont … que:
qui est-ce? c’est moi
c’est lui qui me l’a dit

2. to emphasize the subject of a verb:
moi, je vais passer Noël en famille

3. in answers, and in sentences which have no verbs:
qui vient au cinéma? moi! et toi?

4. in comparisons:
il est plus grand que moi

5. when the subject of a verb consists of more than one person or group of persons:
mon frère et moi, nous allons au cinéma

6. with même, expressing the idea of self:
j’ai rédigé cette lettre moi-même

7. after a preposition:
elle doit repasser chez moi

Note that the pronouns me and te never appear at the end of an affirmative command:
écoute-moi

The possible combinations are as follows :

Examples

• Cette affiche, mon oncle me l‘a offerte pour Noël.
• Puisque tu n’as pas de règle, je t’en prêterai une.
• Hervé joue dans ce club de tennis au moins une fois par semaine. Il s’y est inscrit l’an dernier.
• Claire aimait mon collier, alors je le lui ai donné.
• Les enfants ont oublié leurs maillots de bain, je les leur envoie par la poste.
• Alexandre n’est jamais allé au zoo. Son père a promis de l’y emmener.
• Les enfants ont l’habitude de faire les courses.Tu peux les en charger.
• Jeanne comprendra ton problème. Tu peux lui en parler.
• Le bébé veut encore un biscuit. Je peux lui en donner un?

There are three kinds of verb prefixes in German :

a. inseparable,
b. dual, or
c. separable.

Separable prefixes are stressed in their pronunciation, while inseparable prefixes are unstressed.

a. Inseparable Prefixes :

be, ent, er, ge, hinter, miss, ver, zer

Ich verspreche nichts.

b. Dual Prefixes (separable and inseparable)

durch, über, um, unter, wider

The same verb can be separable and inseparable (the meaning changes) :

inseparable:
jmd. etw. unterstéllen
ich unterstelle ihm ein Verbrechen

separable:
sich únterstellen
ich stelle mich hier unter, weil es regnet

Note that the acute accent shows the stress (it must not be written).

c. Separable Prefixes

Heute ruft er seine Freundin an.

ab
an
auf
aus
bei
ein
fort
mit
nach
vor
weg
zu
zurück
zusammen

Whereas the indicative presents an event as a fact, the use of the subjunctive often suggests that the person speaking or writing cannot guarantee that the event being mentioned is actually the case, or that it will definitely happen. The subjunctive therefore frequently expresses doubt or uncertainty.

Je ne crois pas qu’il soit prêt
I do not think he is ready

Il se peut qu’ils soient en retard
It is possible they will be late

Il est impossible qu’elle ait eu cette réaction
She could not have reacted that way

There are numerous occasions when the grammar of the sentence makes the use of a subjunctive obligatory. It is most often found in noun clauses introduced by a verb which expresses fear, doubt or regret, as well as after verbs which are used to give orders, express wishes, emotions or desires, or verbs which indicate that a particular event is only a possibility, one which might happen or might not.

On craint qu’il n’y ait pas de survivants.
J’ai bien peur que cela ne soit pas facile.
Il a toujours redouté que tout le monde apprenne la vérité.
Je doute qu’il revienne à temps.
Je souhaite qu’elle réussisse.
J’exige qu’il fasse des excuses.
Je voudrais qu’elle vienne.
Il se peut qu’il ait tort.
Il arrive qu’on ne s’aperçoive pas de ses erreurs.
C’est dommage qu’il ne soit pas venu.

The most distinguishing feature of the Russian verb is aspect. A Russian uses aspect to describe how he or she sees or perceives an action. There are two aspects : imperfective and perfective. You will find that Russian verbs frequently come in aspectual pairs. It is essential that you know to which aspect a Russian verb belongs.

Russian verbal forms have at least two parts : a stem and an ending. There is an infinitive stem (used to form the past) and a “non-past” stem (used to form the present and the future). In most dictionaries and texts, verbs are listed in their infinitive form. You can recognize the Russian infinitive by looking at the ending.

Infinitives end in -ть, -ти, or -чь. The -ть or -чь usually comes after a vowel. The ending -ти comes only after consonants. In the indicative mood Russian has three tenses : present, past, and future.

The present tense is formed from imperfective verbs only. To form the present tense you need to know the non-past stem and to which conjugation the verb belongs. In the present tense, the verb agrees with the subject of the sentence in person and number.

The First Conjugation

-ю (-у)
-ешь (-ёшь)
-ет (-ёт)
-ем (-ём)
-ете (-ёте)
-ют (-ут)

The vowel letter ю is written after another vowel. The vowel letter у is written after consonants. The vowel letter ё occurs only when the ending is stressed.

The Second Conjugation

-ю (-у)
-ишь
-ит
-им
-ите
-ят (-ат)

The vowel letters у and а are used after the consonants г, к, ж, ч, ш, щ.

Because you need to know not only the aspect, but also the conjugation of each verb, the following tips will be helpful. Most verbs whose infinitives ending in -ать, -авать, -овать, -евать, -ывать, -еть, -уть and -ти are first conjugation verbs. Most infinitives ending in -ить are second conjugation verbs.

The past tense is formed from the infinitive stem of imperfective and perfective verbs. In the past tense, the verbal forms agree with the subject in number and gender in the singular. After dropping the infinitive ending -ть, -ти, -чь, add :

-л (singular masculine)
-ла (singular feminine)
-ло (singular neuter)
-ли (plural)

The future tense have two forms in Russian. Imperfective verbs have a compound future, formed by adding the imperfective infinitive to conjugated forms of the verb быть “to be”.

Perfective verbs form a simple future by using the conjugated forms without the auxiliary verb быть.