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Cases where the noun may be used without an article

In French no article is used in front of :

  • nouns indicating profession when they follow a form of the verb être which is not preceded by ce or c’ :
    Il est professeur.
    Elle est médecin.
  • nouns used in a list :
    L’examen portait sur des matières scientifiques : mathématiques, physique, chimie, biologie.
  • a noun used to provide additional information about another noun which appears immediately before it :
    Monsieur Durand, ancien professeur …  (a former teacher)
    Paris, capitale de la France …  (the capital of France)
  • abstract nouns which immediately follow the preposition avec, as long as they are not described in any way :
    Ils avançaient avec difficulté
  • abstract and concrete nouns which immediately follow the preposition sans, as long as they are not described in any way :
    On peut entrer de ce côté-ci sans difficulté.
    Il est impossible d’y aller sans voiture.
  • nouns immediately following the conjunction comme :
    Il travaillait comme professeur.
    Je te parle comme ami.
  • nouns used in expressions of quantity, in expressions indicating what something is made of, is full of or consists of, or what it is intended for :
    beaucoup d’argent
    une table de bois
    un couteau en acier
    un verre de vin
    une leçon de géographie
    une tasse à thé
  • nouns used together with verbs in certain set phrases :
    avoir froid
    avoir faim
    avoir confiance en
    avoir envie de
    avoir besoin de
    perdre courage
    tenir tête à
    reprendre haleine
    rendre service à
    faire peur à

Uses of the French stressed pronouns

Here are the forms of the stressed pronoun in French :

moi, toi, lui, elle, nous, vous, eux, elles

The stressed pronouns are used:

1. after c’est, ce sont and in the expressions c’est/ce sontqui and c’est/ce sontque:
qui est-ce? c’est moi
c’est lui qui me l’a dit

2. to emphasize the subject of a verb:
moi, je vais passer Noël en famille

3. in answers, and in sentences which have no verbs:
qui vient au cinéma? moi! et toi?

4. in comparisons:
il est plus grand que moi

5. when the subject of a verb consists of more than one person or group of persons:
mon frère et moi, nous allons au cinéma

6. with même, expressing the idea of self:
j’ai rédigé cette lettre moi-même

7. after a preposition:
elle doit repasser chez moi

Note that the pronouns me and te never appear at the end of an affirmative command:
écoute-moi

The order of French pronouns

The possible combinations are as follows :

SUBJECT me, m’
te, t’
se, s’
nous
vous
se, s’
le, l’
la, l’
les
lui
leur
en
y
VERB

Examples

  • Cette affiche, mon oncle me l‘a offerte pour Noël.
  • Puisque tu n’as pas de règle, je t’en prêterai une.
  • Hervé joue dans ce club de tennis au moins une fois par semaine. Il s’y est inscrit l’an dernier.
  • Claire aimait mon collier, alors je le lui ai donné.
  • Les enfants ont oublié leurs maillots de bain, je les leur envoie par la poste.
  • Alexandre n’est jamais allé au zoo. Son père a promis de l’y emmener.
  • Les enfants ont l’habitude de faire les courses.Tu peux les en charger.
  • Jeanne comprendra ton problème. Tu peux lui en parler.
  • Le bébé veut encore un biscuit. Je peux lui en donner un?

German Verb Prefixes

There are three kinds of verb prefixes in German :

a. inseparable,
b. dual, or
c. separable.

Separable prefixes are stressed in their pronunciation, while inseparable prefixes are unstressed.

a. Inseparable Prefixes :

be, ent, er, ge, hinter, miss, ver, zer

Ich verspreche nichts.

b. Dual Prefixes (separable and inseparable)

durch, über, um, unter, wider

The same verb can be separable and inseparable (the meaning changes) :

inseparable:
jmd. etw. unterstéllen
ich unterstelle ihm ein Verbrechen

separable:
sich únterstellen
ich stelle mich hier unter, weil es regnet

Note that the acute accent shows the stress (it must not be written).

c. Separable Prefixes

Heute ruft er seine Freundin an.

ab
an
auf
aus
bei
ein
fort
mit
nach
vor
weg
zu
zurück
zusammen

French Subjunctive

Whereas the indicative presents an event as a fact, the use of the subjunctive often suggests that the person speaking or writing cannot guarantee that the event being mentioned is actually the case, or that it will definitely happen. The subjunctive therefore frequently expresses doubt or uncertainty.

Je ne crois pas qu’il soit prêt
I do not think he is ready

Il se peut qu’ils soient en retard
It is possible they will be late

Il est impossible qu’elle ait eu cette réaction
She could not have reacted that way

There are numerous occasions when the grammar of the sentence makes the use of a subjunctive obligatory. It is most often found in noun clauses introduced by a verb which expresses fear, doubt or regret, as well as after verbs which are used to give orders, express wishes, emotions or desires, or verbs which indicate that a particular event is only a possibility, one which might happen or might not.

On craint qu’il n’y ait pas de survivants.
J’ai bien peur que cela ne soit pas facile.
Il a toujours redouté que tout le monde apprenne la vérité.
Je doute qu’il revienne à temps.
Je souhaite qu’elle réussisse.
J’exige qu’il fasse des excuses.
Je voudrais qu’elle vienne.
Il se peut qu’il ait tort.
Il arrive qu’on ne s’aperçoive pas de ses erreurs.
C’est dommage qu’il ne soit pas venu.

Russian Verb Conjugation

The most distinguishing feature of the Russian verb is aspect. A Russian uses aspect to describe how he or she sees or perceives an action. There are two aspects : imperfective and perfective. You will find that Russian verbs frequently come in aspectual pairs. It is essential that you know to which aspect a Russian verb belongs.

Russian verbal forms have at least two parts : a stem and an ending. There is an infinitive stem (used to form the past) and a “non-past” stem (used to form the present and the future). In most dictionaries and texts, verbs are listed in their infinitive form. You can recognize the Russian infinitive by looking at the ending.

Infinitives end in -ть, -ти, or -чь. The -ть or -чь usually comes after a vowel. The ending -ти comes only after consonants. In the indicative mood Russian has three tenses : present, past, and future.

The present tense is formed from imperfective verbs only. To form the present tense you need to know the non-past stem and to which conjugation the verb belongs. In the present tense, the verb agrees with the subject of the sentence in person and number.

The First Conjugation

-ю (-у)
-ешь (-ёшь)
-ет (-ёт)
-ем (-ём)
-ете (-ёте)
-ют (-ут)

The vowel letter ю is written after another vowel. The vowel letter у is written after consonants. The vowel letter ё occurs only when the ending is stressed.

The Second Conjugation

-ю (-у)
-ишь
-ит
-им
-ите
-ят (-ат)

The vowel letters у and а are used after the consonants г, к, ж, ч, ш, щ.

Because you need to know not only the aspect, but also the conjugation of each verb, the following tips will be helpful. Most verbs whose infinitives ending in -ать, -авать, -овать, -евать, -ывать, -еть, -уть and -ти are first conjugation verbs. Most infinitives ending in -ить are second conjugation verbs.

The past tense is formed from the infinitive stem of imperfective and perfective verbs. In the past tense, the verbal forms agree with the subject in number and gender in the singular. After dropping the infinitive ending -ть, -ти, -чь, add :

-л (singular masculine)
-ла (singular feminine)
-ло (singular neuter)
-ли (plural)

The future tense have two forms in Russian. Imperfective verbs have a compound future, formed by adding the imperfective infinitive to conjugated forms of the verb быть “to be”.

Perfective verbs form a simple future by using the conjugated forms without the auxiliary verb быть.

Yachtsman’s English Vocabulary – Formalities

harbourmaster     capitano del porto
harbour dues     diritti portuali
port police     polizia marittima
immigration     immigrazione
customs     dogana
health authority     autorità sanitaria
boat name     nome della barca
length overall     lunghezza fuori tutto
skipper     skipper
owner     proprietario
address     indirizzo
beam     larghezza massima
draught     pescaggio
sailing yacht     barca a vela
motor yacht     barca a motore
auxiliary engine     motore ausiliario
wooden construction     costruzione in legno
glass reinforced plastic     vetroresina
steel     acciaio
aluminium     alluminio
ferro-cement     ferro-cemento
diesel     diesel
petrol     benzina
horsepower     potenza
flag     bandiera
nationality     nazionalità
port of registry     porto d’immatricolazione
registration number     numero d’immatricolazione
last port of call     ultimo scalo
next port of call     prossimo scalo
ship’s papers     documenti di bordo
certificate of registry     certificato d’immatricolazione
rating certificate     certificato di stazza
ship’s articles     clausole d’ingaggio
ship’s log     libro di bordo
bill of health     certificato sanitario
radio licence     licenza radio
radio call sign     nominativo radio
pratique     libera pratica
insurance certificate     polizza d’assicurazione
VAT certificate     certificato IVA
charter party     contratto di noleggio
custom’s clearance     sdoganamento
bonded stores     magazzini doganali
passport     passaporto
visa     visto
crew list     ruolo dell’equipaggio
crew change     variazione dell’equipaggio
temporary importation permit     permesso d’importazione temporanea
master’s certificate     certificato di proprietà
certificate of competence     attestato di competenza

Yachtsman’s Spanish Vocabulary – Formalities

harbourmaster capitán de puerto
harbour dues derechos de puerto
port police policia de puerto
immigration inmigración
customs aduana
health authority Autoridad sanitaria
boat name nombre del barco
length overall eslora total
skipper patrón
owner propietario
address dirección
beam manga
draught calado
sailing yacht velero
motor yacht lancha / bote a motor
auxiliary engine motor auxiliar
wooden construction buque de madera
glass reinforced plastic poliéster con fibra de vidrio
steel acero
aluminium aluminio
ferro-cement hierro y cemento
diesel diesel
petrol gasolina
horsepower caballo de vapor
flag bandera
nationality nationalidad
port of registry puerto de matrícula
registration number matrícula
last port of call última escala
next port of call próxima escala
ship’s papers documentación
certificate of registry Patente de Navigación
rating certificate certificado de “Rating”
ship’s articles rol
ship’s log cuaderno di bitácora
bill of health Patente de Sanidad
radio licence certificado radioeléctrico
radio call sign distintivo de llamada
pratique plática
insurance certificate póliza de seguro
VAT certificate certificado IVA
charter party contrato de flete
custom’s clearance despacho de aduana
bonded stores víveres precintados
passport pasaporte
visa visado
crew list lista de tripulación
crew change cambio de tripulación
temporary importation permit permiso temporal de importación
master’s certificate título del capitán
certificate of competence título

 

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